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    discourse怎么記憶(discover怎么記憶)

    發(fā)布時(shí)間:2023-03-13 12:05:04     稿源: 創(chuàng)意嶺    閱讀: 129        問大家

    大家好!今天讓創(chuàng)意嶺的小編來大家介紹下關(guān)于discourse怎么記憶的問題,以下是小編對(duì)此問題的歸納整理,讓我們一起來看看吧。

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    本文目錄:

    discourse怎么記憶(discover怎么記憶)

    一、什么是grand theory

    grand theory.. 1. 大理論 3、放棄大理論(grand theory)或大論述(grand discourse):生態(tài)博物館是一種注重地方文化傳統(tǒng)及文化多元性的博物館論述,是從地方的集體記憶、地方遺產(chǎn)、地方... www.wwg.org.tw- 基于50個(gè)網(wǎng)頁 2. 大理論 一切社會(huì)、文化的大理論( Grand theory)是不適切的,因?yàn)闅v史、社會(huì)、文化有 太多複雜和互相糾纏的變數(shù),因此也就不可能設(shè)計(jì)出一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的指標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。 etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw- 基于21個(gè)網(wǎng)頁 3. 巨型理論 帕森斯學(xué)說具有大而無當(dāng)?shù)摹熬扌屠碚摗?grand theory)性質(zhì),因而難以在經(jīng)驗(yàn)上加以驗(yàn)證,但與傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義相比,它在強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)歸納的概括作用(與生物有機(jī)體類比,社會(huì)被視為系統(tǒng))的同時(shí)...

    二、什么是文本內(nèi)容

    找到一篇很好的很新的文章

    話語分析 (discourse analysis)

     由 Edwards and Potter (1992), Harre (1998) 和 Potter and Wetherell (1998) 所發(fā)展的話語心理學(xué)力圖揭示,在談話中,參與者的關(guān)于事件(記憶、描述、表達(dá))的談話版本是如何被建構(gòu)出來,以發(fā)揮交流互動(dòng)的作用。雖然其出發(fā)點(diǎn)也是會(huì)話分析,它的分析重點(diǎn)是談話的內(nèi)容、談話主題及其社會(huì)組織,而不是談話的語言學(xué)組織。該方法把心理現(xiàn)象(如:記憶、認(rèn)知)當(dāng)作社會(huì)和話語現(xiàn)象來分析。

     其分析的重點(diǎn)是分析在報(bào)告、媒體和話語體系中各種版本的事件的建構(gòu)。特別是要分析人們?nèi)绾卫谩敖忉寧臁眮磉M(jìn)行這種建構(gòu)。

     話語分析不僅被用來對(duì)日常會(huì)話進(jìn)行分析,而且也用來分析其他類型的材料,如:訪談、媒體報(bào)告。

    文本分析

    分析電視劇情或者流行曲歌詞,研究這些媒體如何塑造角色、演員或歌手的形象,以及這些作品所隱藏的某些對(duì)人對(duì)事的看法

    報(bào)章的標(biāo)題的用字、字體、大小、版面放置、占用的空間等

    分析廣告的用色、配樂、選角、橋段

    內(nèi)容分析

    把雜志內(nèi)的廣告分類,或數(shù)算一本雜志內(nèi)有多少個(gè)纖體廣告

    分析某一電視劇中所特定一類人物,如大學(xué)生、律師、領(lǐng)綜援人士、有色人種的遭遇

    統(tǒng)計(jì)電影對(duì)某些關(guān)系的描述,如:老夫少妻、保險(xiǎn)從業(yè)員與顧客

    三、培根的 Of Studies 各翻譯版本 和王佐良翻譯《論讀書》評(píng)說和分析,英文和中文都要!急?。?!help!?。?!

    前幾天應(yīng)邀給朋友們談了談培根Of Studies一文的漢語翻譯問題。現(xiàn)將部分講稿發(fā)布于此,請(qǐng)砭正。

    【文趣欣賞】

    Of Studies,是培根400年前撰寫的一篇探討讀書問題的散文雜記,亦是英語文學(xué)中婦孺皆知的勸學(xué)名篇。該文筆力遒勁蒼幽,思想精深悠遠(yuǎn),行文簡潔明快,論述深入淺出,分析桴鼓相應(yīng),讀來時(shí)若春雨潤物,時(shí)若激流漂石,時(shí)若清風(fēng)拂面,時(shí)若萬籟俱號(hào),令人似置身莊子《齊物論》所謂之“野馬也,塵埃也,生物之以息相吹也”之境界中。

    Of Studies從讀書之功用立論,分析了讀書學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)人生不同凡響的意義。同時(shí)人們對(duì)讀書學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度之取向、方法之別異,也直接影響到了學(xué)習(xí)效果的涇渭兩色。培根以為讀書的功用有三,即Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability。其在人生中的具體體現(xiàn)亦有三,即 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

    在作者看來,人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與學(xué)識(shí),亦直接影響其讀書之取向與效用。具體說來,就是expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. 由于方法之不同,學(xué)習(xí)之效果也將各異。所以培根說,To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. 這個(gè)說法頗似孟子“僅信書則不如無書”之教誨。

    讀書不能全憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)判理,而學(xué)識(shí)亦不可脫離實(shí)際獨(dú)存。經(jīng)驗(yàn)與學(xué)識(shí),當(dāng)是相輔相成的、彼此互補(bǔ)的。在培根看來,這兩方面的積累是人生所不可或缺的知識(shí)積淀。所以,They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

    而對(duì)讀書態(tài)度之不同,亦決定讀書者獲益之眾寡。常見的現(xiàn)象是,Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. 讀書不求學(xué)問長進(jìn),而是存心吹毛求疵詰難作者,以顯其能。這是另外一種庸人讀書心態(tài)。懷著此種心態(tài)讀書,焉能從中獲益!所以培根告誡學(xué)人,Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

    在前蘇聯(lián)電影《列寧在1918》中,有這樣一個(gè)情節(jié):列寧為了躲避密探的追捕,隱蔽朋友瓦西里家里。晚上,列寧將瓦西里給他搬來的書分作兩類,并告訴瓦西里哪些書可以枕頭,哪些書應(yīng)當(dāng)墊腳。所謂枕頭的書,就是需要認(rèn)真拜讀、仔細(xì)品味、努力思考的佳作。所謂墊腳的書,就是那些文風(fēng)浮淺、思想輕淺、論述表淺的平庸之作。培根對(duì)書的認(rèn)識(shí)與列寧的看法,可謂所見不差。所以他說,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention.

    讀書的方法,自然涵蓋對(duì)所讀之書的選擇和所讀內(nèi)容的鑒賞這兩個(gè)方面。然而,在一定意義上,讀書的方法還包括所謂之“不讀之讀”。“不讀之讀”,即由于種種原因,讀者不直接閱讀有關(guān)書本的內(nèi)容,而是通過閱讀有關(guān)評(píng)介文章或他人的讀書筆記來了解有關(guān)著作的基本思想和內(nèi)容。這種讀書方式,其實(shí)就是現(xiàn)代人士所慣常憑借之學(xué)習(xí)方法。人們采用這種學(xué)習(xí)方法,出于種種原因。一則原著闕如,無法直接欣賞,于是便通過閱讀他人的筆記或評(píng)介以足心愿。二則時(shí)間有限,無法一一拜讀,只好尋求便捷途徑了解其大致內(nèi)容要旨。自然,采用這種讀書方法的,恐怕也有投機(jī)之嫌。

    然而,對(duì)于孜孜以求于學(xué)問的莘莘學(xué)子而言,此法之運(yùn)用,必得統(tǒng)籌兼顧,否則必然陷入人云亦云的泥沼之中。對(duì)此,培根的忠告是:Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

    高爾基說,書籍是人類進(jìn)步的階梯。對(duì)人類來說,書籍是進(jìn)步的階梯。對(duì)于個(gè)人來說,書籍,自然,也是進(jìn)步的階梯。書籍可以提高個(gè)人的文化素養(yǎng)、擴(kuò)展個(gè)人的思想境界和發(fā)展個(gè)人的智慧潛能。所以,培根說Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.讀書者要達(dá)到這樣一個(gè)收獲頗豐的境界,其前提要律至關(guān)重要,那就是所讀之書須是好書佳作。

    懶于讀書之人,想謀求進(jìn)取,恐怕只能求實(shí)于夢(mèng)中,絕難得益于現(xiàn)實(shí)。誠如培根所言: if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.

    魯迅先生說,讀書須雜,各方知識(shí)均須具備。因此倡導(dǎo)“隨便翻翻”的學(xué)風(fēng),意在督促學(xué)人拓展視野,深化知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。中國古人所謂之“飽學(xué)之士”,所強(qiáng)調(diào)的就是廣學(xué)博識(shí)的學(xué)風(fēng)。對(duì)此,《顏氏家訓(xùn)》中說,“觀天下書未遍,不得妄下雌黃”。讀書過專,眼界受限。所以前人有“讀萬卷書,行萬里路”之教,所強(qiáng)調(diào)的亦是博學(xué)多識(shí)的為學(xué)思想。這一點(diǎn),培根也有同感。所以他說,Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

    中國是一個(gè)文明古國,重教興學(xué)歷來被視為立國之本。而讀書學(xué)習(xí),則更被歷代先賢提升到“誠意”、“正心”、“修身”、“齊家”、“治國”、“安幫”、“平天下”的歷史高度予以普及推廣。而關(guān)于如何讀書學(xué)習(xí)的問題,始終是中國古代諸子百家學(xué)說所關(guān)注的核心問題之一?!抖Y記》、《中庸》、《大學(xué)》、《論語》、《孟子》、《荀子》,這些“經(jīng)”中之經(jīng)、“典”中之典的論述,自不待言。就是普通學(xué)人的札記和筆記中,也不乏精深見解。宋人葉適在他那著名的“四無益”中說:

    讀書不知接統(tǒng)序,雖多無益也;

    為文不能關(guān)教事,雖工無益也;

    篤行不合于大義,雖仁無益也;

    立志不存于憂世,雖高無益也。

    將讀書與中華文化的發(fā)揚(yáng)廣大融為一體,可謂立意高矣。

    宋代大儒朱熹對(duì)讀書也有諸多獨(dú)到見解。在其門人編輯的《朱子語類》一書中,收錄了許多朱氏教導(dǎo)學(xué)子的箴言。如關(guān)于讀書的方法,朱氏說:

    看文字,須是如猛將用兵,直是鏖戰(zhàn)一陣;如酷吏治獄,直是推勘到底,決是不恕他,方得。

    把讀書比作猛將作戰(zhàn),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是讀書要集中精力,不可淺嘗輒止。又將讀書比作酷吏審案,必得弄個(gè)水落石出,不可似是而非。此言可謂講得形象而深刻。

    荀子對(duì)讀書學(xué)習(xí),至為重視。他特別提倡循序漸進(jìn)、日積月累的讀書方法。他說:

    積土成山,風(fēng)雨興焉;積水成淵,蛟龍生焉;積善成德,則神明自得,圣心備焉。故不積跬步,無以至千里;不積小流,無疑成江河。

    荀子以比喻之法,說明了讀書須積少成多的道理,淺顯易懂,發(fā)人深省。中國古人在辯論是非問題時(shí),喜用比喻以名其理。這個(gè)方法也常被用來說明讀書的道理。如漢人劉向在《說苑》中談到讀書時(shí)說:

    少而好學(xué),如日出之陽;壯而好學(xué),如日中之光;老而好學(xué),如秉燭之明,孰與昧行乎?

    意思是說,少時(shí)讀書,若旭日東升,朦朧固然,心卻純篤;中年讀書,若日近午時(shí),思慮精熟,見解周詳;老時(shí)讀書,若燭光熒熒,精力不濟(jì),但到底比摸黑行走安好許多。說明書可受益一生,雖少、中、老時(shí)讀書感受不同,但均可導(dǎo)引人生歷程。

    將中國古代圣賢關(guān)于讀書的論述與培根的感想加以比較,從中可以看到中西方關(guān)于讀書問題的重視,可謂同一。但對(duì)讀書的方法與作用,卻各有見解。而相比較而言,培根關(guān)于讀書的見解,多少帶有資本主義與生俱來的實(shí)用性和現(xiàn)實(shí)性。而中國古代先賢對(duì)于讀書學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)識(shí),則多從治國安邦的高度出發(fā)予以發(fā)揮。若用一句話來形容中國古人關(guān)于讀書學(xué)習(xí)的看法,那就是“為往圣繼絕學(xué),為萬世開太平”!

    【翻譯欣賞】

    培根的Of Studies一文,寫于四百年前。在今天的英國,此文當(dāng)屬古典文論,其用語不僅典雅,而且古奧,甚至玄秘。四百年前的語言,既便是當(dāng)時(shí)通俗透頂?shù)钠矫窨谡Z,在今人聽來,亦充滿“古色古香”之感。對(duì)于如此古典之作,翻譯時(shí)我們究竟該采取何種風(fēng)格呢?是譯古如古,還是化古為今呢?對(duì)此,我們既要考慮到信息傳播的需要,也不能完全忽律歷史發(fā)展的實(shí)際。正如美國翻譯家尤金·奈達(dá)在其譯論中所說的那樣:“在翻譯古老的《圣經(jīng)》時(shí),我們不能也不應(yīng)該使譯文聽起來好像是臨近城鎮(zhèn)上十年前發(fā)生的事情,因?yàn)椤妒ソ?jīng)》所涉及的歷史環(huán)境至關(guān)重要,我們不能使法利賽人和撒都該人脫胎換骨變成現(xiàn)代宗教的派別。”

    奈達(dá)之論,聽起來頗有些道理。但我們?cè)诶斫夂头g古典文獻(xiàn)時(shí),也要注意另外一個(gè)傾向,即以為古典文獻(xiàn)中的文字必是字字珠璣,句句箴言。事實(shí)當(dāng)然并非如此。其實(shí)一些今天看來頗為古奧典雅的古語,在當(dāng)時(shí)很可能只是俗言口語而已。

    這就如同我們今天讀《史記》一樣,看到《陳涉世家》中的“茍富貴,無相忘”時(shí),便禁不住必恭必敬起來,用魯迅先生的話來說,那簡直要“嚇得我們只好磕頭佩服”。然而,這句“嚇人”的經(jīng)典名言卻并非出自上古圣王的金口,亦非源自文人墨客的高論,而是當(dāng)時(shí)與陳勝一起為人耕種的窮困百姓所說的話,也可看作是大秦帝國時(shí)期百姓的口頭用語。而廣為仁人志士所推崇備至的陳勝心語“燕雀安知鴻鵠之志”,也不過是當(dāng)時(shí)一陳姓打工仔的信口之嘆而已。但今天,這些當(dāng)年的百姓口頭之禪,已經(jīng)變成了警句名言,連最富盛名的“文壇泰斗”們恐怕也要自愧弗如。

    培根是四百年前英國的哲人名士,學(xué)富五車,文震朝野,其散論札記當(dāng)時(shí)亦屬上乘之作。在四百多年來的英國文學(xué)史上,培根的文論以其思想精深、藝術(shù)精湛和文學(xué)精絕而風(fēng)騷獨(dú)領(lǐng)。其在英國文學(xué)與思想界之影響,頗似唐宋八大家之在中國,歷久彌新。翻譯這樣的經(jīng)典文論時(shí),究竟應(yīng)該采取何種風(fēng)格呢?用下里巴人式的通俗時(shí)語還是用陽春白雪般的古典雅言呢?從時(shí)下流行的幾個(gè)譯本來看,有精雕細(xì)諑的典雅之譯,亦有平鋪直白的通俗之譯,更有文白夾雜的多發(fā)并舉之作。

    在這些譯作中,王佐良教授的古典式翻譯,無疑,是影響最大的、傳播最廣的,且最為譯界和讀者稱道和推崇的成功力作。其譯作中的一些經(jīng)典句子,在學(xué)界幾乎耳熟能詳,為人津津樂道。如將Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability譯作“讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才”,可謂譯得出神入化,形神兼?zhèn)?,相映成趣?/p>

    英語詞組serve for的詞典解釋之意為“起作用”、“被用作”。譯作“足以”,可謂常中見異。且“足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才”排比并舉,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,結(jié)構(gòu)層層遞進(jìn),讀來鏗鏘有力??芍^將漢語語言結(jié)構(gòu)精簡、語義精深、意境精妙的特點(diǎn)發(fā)揮到了極致。

    這樣的譯式在王教授的這篇譯文中,比比皆是。如將Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business譯作“其怡情也,最見于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí);其傅彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際”。再如將Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.譯作“讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,論理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辨”。如此之譯,既“依實(shí)”(尊重原文實(shí)際內(nèi)涵)又“出華”(在語義和語境上比原文更精深,更精妙,更精彩)。

    再看看其他較為通俗的譯本,其文趣旨意則大為黯然。如寥譯將Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability譯作“讀書能給人樂趣、文雅和能力”,意思雖然明了,但文趣卻大為遜色。仔細(xì)推敲,譯文的詞語搭配亦頗有瑕疵。讀書“給”人“興趣”,勉強(qiáng)還算通達(dá)。但讀書“給”人“文雅”,則不免佶屈聱牙。而讀書“給”人“能力”,聽來已屬洋化漢語了。

    古典文論若能以古典方式予以翻譯,當(dāng)屬佳作。但翻譯卻可能完全脫離時(shí)代發(fā)展。在絕大多數(shù)中文讀者不諳熟中國古典文化的今天,將西方古典文論以通俗語言加以翻譯,當(dāng)然有助于讀者更好地理解和學(xué)習(xí),也是大部分譯者的選項(xiàng),也有不少的上乘之作。而且只要駕馭得當(dāng),通俗文字也完全可以傳達(dá)古典文論之意趣要旨。

    曾見一學(xué)人將培根的Of Studies開篇的Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability譯作“讀書的作用有三,一為陶冶性情,二為攀附風(fēng)雅,三為增長才干”。與王教授的古典譯風(fēng)相比,這個(gè)譯文自然較為通俗,而且達(dá)意效果還算尚佳,只是將ornament譯作“攀附風(fēng)雅”,似乎有點(diǎn)發(fā)揮太過。

    某年在天津調(diào)研,聽一教師在課堂上將Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability譯作“讀書有嘛用?養(yǎng)性情,增文采,長本事嘛”,譯得通俗透頂,卻很達(dá)意。俗語說得好,大俗就是大雅。譯文究竟雅致與否,一方面固然取決于譯風(fēng),另一方面也與譯文的風(fēng)韻意境有絕大的關(guān)系。

    附:培根Of Studies原文及三個(gè)版本的漢譯

    【原文】

    Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.

    To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

    Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

    Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

    Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.

    Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are symini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

    Abeunt studia in mores: Studies pass into the character

    Symini sectores: dividers of cumin seeds, or hair-splitters

    【譯文】

    一、王佐良譯:

    談讀書

    讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才。其怡情也,最見于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí);其傅彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際。練達(dá)之士雖能分別吃力細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié),然縱觀統(tǒng)籌、全局策劃,則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。讀書費(fèi)時(shí)過多易惰,文采藻飾太盛則矯,全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。讀書補(bǔ)天然之不足,經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書之不足,蓋天生才干猶如自然花草,讀書然后知如何修剪移接;而書種所示,如不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)范之,則又大而無當(dāng)。

    有一技之長鄙讀書,無知者慕讀書,唯明智之士用讀書,然讀書并不以用處告人,用書之智不在書種,而在書外,全憑觀察得之。讀書時(shí)不可存心詰難作者,不可盡信書上所言,亦不可只為尋章摘句,而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。

    書有課淺嘗者,有可吞食者,少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之,有只須讀其部分者,有只須大體涉獵者,少數(shù)則須全讀,讀時(shí)須全神貫注,孜孜不倦。書亦可請(qǐng)人代讀,取其所作摘要,但只限題材較次或價(jià)值不高者,否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾,淡而五味矣。

    讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。因此不常做筆記者須記憶特強(qiáng),不常討論者須天生聰穎,不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù),始能無知而顯有知。

    讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,論理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辨:凡有所學(xué),皆成性格。人之才智但有滯礙,無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢,一如身體百病,皆可借相宜之運(yùn)動(dòng)除之。滾球利睪腎,射箭利胸肺,慢步利腸胃,騎術(shù)利頭腦,諸如此類。如智力不集中,可令讀數(shù)學(xué),蓋演算須全神貫注,稍有分散即須重演;如不能辨異,可令讀經(jīng)院哲學(xué),蓋是輩皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物闡證另一物,可令讀律師之案卷。如此頭腦中凡有缺陷,皆有特藥可醫(yī)。

    二、廖運(yùn)范譯文

    論讀書

    讀書能給人樂趣、文雅和能力。人們獨(dú)居或退隱的時(shí)候,最能體會(huì)到讀書的樂趣;談話的時(shí)候,最能表現(xiàn)出讀書的文雅;判斷和處理事務(wù)的時(shí)候,最能發(fā)揮由讀書而獲得的能力。那些有實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)而沒有學(xué)識(shí)的人,也許能夠一一實(shí)行或判斷某些事物的細(xì)微末節(jié),但對(duì)于事業(yè)的一般指導(dǎo)、籌劃與處理,還是真正有學(xué)問的人才能勝任。耗費(fèi)過多的時(shí)間去讀書便是遲滯,過分用學(xué)問自炫便是矯揉造作,而全憑學(xué)理判斷一切,則是書呆子的癖好。學(xué)問能美化人性,經(jīng)驗(yàn)又能充實(shí)學(xué)問。天生的植物需要人工修剪,人類的本性也需要學(xué)問誘導(dǎo),而學(xué)問本身又必須以經(jīng)驗(yàn)來規(guī)范,否則便太迂闊了。

    技巧的人輕視學(xué)問,淺薄的人驚服學(xué)問,聰明的人卻能利用學(xué)問。因?yàn)閷W(xué)問本身并不曾把它的用途教給人,至于如何去應(yīng)用它,那是在學(xué)問之外、超越學(xué)問之上、由觀察而獲得的一種聰明呢!讀書不是為著藥辯駁,也不是要盲目信從,更不是去尋找談話的資料,而是要去權(quán)衡和思考。

    有些書只需淺嘗,有些書可以狼吞,有些書要細(xì)嚼慢咽,漫漫消化。也就是說,有的書只需選讀,有的書只需瀏覽,有的書卻必須全部精讀。有些書不必去讀原本,讀讀它們的節(jié)本就夠了,但這僅限于內(nèi)容不大重要的二流書籍:否則,刪節(jié)過的往往就像蒸餾水一樣,淡而無味。

    讀書使人淵博,論辨使人機(jī)敏,寫作使人精細(xì)。如果一個(gè)人很少寫作,他就需要有很強(qiáng)的記憶力;如果他很少辯論,就需要有機(jī)智;如果他很少讀書,就需要很狡猾,對(duì)于自己不懂的事情,假裝知道。

    歷史使人聰明,詩歌使人富于想象,數(shù)學(xué)使人精確,自然哲學(xué)使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯學(xué)和修辭學(xué)使人善辯。總之,讀書能陶冶個(gè)性。不僅如此,讀書并且可以鏟除一切心理上的障礙,正如適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)能夠矯治身體上的某些疾病一般。例如,滾球有益于腎臟;射箭有益于胸肺;散步有益于腸胃;騎馬有益于頭腦等等。因此,假若一個(gè)人心神散亂,最好讓他學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué),因?yàn)樵谘菟銛?shù)學(xué)題目的時(shí)候,一定得全神貫注,如果注意力稍一分散,就必須得再從頭做起。假若一個(gè)人拙于辨別差異,就讓他去請(qǐng)教那些演繹派的大師們,因?yàn)樗麄冋瞧饰龊涟l(fā)的人。假若一個(gè)人心靈遲滯,不能舉一反三,最好讓他去研究律師的案件。所以每一種心理缺陷,都有一種特殊的補(bǔ)救良方。

    三、孫有中譯文

    論學(xué)習(xí)

    學(xué)習(xí)可以作為消遣,作為裝點(diǎn),也可以增進(jìn)才能。其為消遣之用,主在獨(dú)處、歸休之時(shí);為裝點(diǎn),則在高談闊論之中;為才能,則在明辨是非、深謀遠(yuǎn)慮之間;因?yàn)閷S谝患颊呖梢圆俪稚趸蚺袛嘁皇乱晃?,而唯有博學(xué)之士方能縱觀全局,通權(quán)達(dá)變。

    國度沉溺于學(xué)習(xí)是怠惰;國度炫耀學(xué)問是華而不實(shí);食書不化乃書生之大疾。學(xué)習(xí)可以完善天性,并通過經(jīng)驗(yàn)得以完善自身;因?yàn)樘焐弄q如天然之草木,尚需通過學(xué)習(xí)加以修整;而紙上學(xué)位未免空談,除非由經(jīng)驗(yàn)加以約束。

    聰穎者鄙視學(xué)習(xí),愚魯者羨慕學(xué)習(xí),明智者利用學(xué)習(xí);學(xué)習(xí)本身并不教人如何運(yùn)用;唯有觀察可以帶來超越學(xué)習(xí)的智慧。

    讀書不為爭論長短,不為輕信盲從,也不為高談闊論,而旨在衡情度理。

    有些書可以淺嘗輒止,有些書可以生吞,而有少數(shù)書應(yīng)該細(xì)嚼慢咽,融會(huì)貫通;換言之,有些書可以閱讀,但不必謹(jǐn)小慎微;而有少數(shù)書應(yīng)該悉心通讀,刻苦研習(xí)。有些書可以請(qǐng)人代讀,也可以讀其節(jié)選;但這只限于那些不夠重要的論述和粗制濫造的書籍;否則,經(jīng)過提煉的書猶如經(jīng)過提煉的水一樣,淡而無味。

    讀書使人充實(shí),老論使人機(jī)智,筆記使人嚴(yán)謹(jǐn);因此,假若一個(gè)人很少做筆記,那他需要有超人的記憶;假若他很少討論,那他需要天資聰穎;而假若他很少讀書,那他需要有充分的狡詐掩飾自己的無知。

    讀史使人明智,讀詩使人聰穎,算數(shù)使人縝密,自然哲學(xué)使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯與修辭使人善辨。

    總之,學(xué)習(xí)造就性格;不盡如此,心智中任何障礙可以通過恰當(dāng)?shù)膶W(xué)習(xí)來疏通。這正如身體尚的疾病可以通過恰當(dāng)?shù)腻憻拋硐簼L球有益于腰腎,射箭有益于胸肺,慢步有益于腸胃,騎馬有益于大腦,等等。因此,假若有人甚至懶散,那就讓他學(xué)習(xí)算術(shù),因?yàn)樵谘菟阒?,注意力稍有分散,他就必須從頭做起;假若他的智慧不足以辨別差異,那就讓他學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家,因?yàn)樗麄兩朴诖得蟠?;而假若他不擅處理事?wù),不能觸類旁通,那就讓他學(xué)習(xí)律師的案例。因此,心智上的每一種缺陷都可能有專門的藥方。

    四、proyning什么意思

    這是弗朗西斯·培根的《論讀書》

    OF STUDIES

    Francis Bacon

    Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

    For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.

    They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

    Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

    Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

    Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

    Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

    Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep;moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.

    Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

    譯文:

    論學(xué)習(xí)

    弗朗西斯·培根

    王佐良 譯

    讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才。其怡情也,最見于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí);其傅彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際。

    練達(dá)之士雖能分別處理細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié),然縱觀統(tǒng)籌,全局策劃,則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。讀書費(fèi)時(shí)過多易惰,文采藻飾太盛則矯,全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。

    讀書補(bǔ)天然之不足,經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書之不足,蓋天生才干猶如自然花草,讀書然后知如何修剪移接,而書中所示,如不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)范之,則又大而無當(dāng)。

    有一技之長者鄙讀書,無知者羨讀書,唯明智之士用讀書,然書并不以用處告人,用書之智不在書中,而在書外,全憑觀察得之。

    讀書時(shí)不可存心詰難讀者,不可盡信書上所言,亦不可只為尋章摘句,而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。

    書有可淺嘗者,有可吞食者,少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之,有只需讀其部分者,有只須大體涉獵者,少數(shù)則須全讀,讀時(shí)須全神貫注,孜孜不倦。書亦可請(qǐng)人代讀,取其所作摘要,但只限題材較次或價(jià)值不高者,否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾,淡而無味。

    讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強(qiáng),不常討論者須天生聰穎,不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù),始能無知而顯有知。

    讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯;凡有所學(xué),皆成性格。

    人之才智但有滯礙,無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢,一如身體百病,皆可借相宜之運(yùn)動(dòng)除之。滾球利睪腎,射箭利胸肺,慢步利腸胃,騎術(shù)利頭腦,諸如此類。如智力不集中,可令讀數(shù)學(xué),蓋演題需全神貫注,稍有分散即須重演;如不能辯異,可令讀經(jīng)院哲學(xué),蓋是輩皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物闡證另一物,可令讀律師之案卷。如此頭腦中凡有缺陷,皆有特效可醫(yī)。

    以上就是關(guān)于discourse怎么記憶相關(guān)問題的回答。希望能幫到你,如有更多相關(guān)問題,您也可以聯(lián)系我們的客服進(jìn)行咨詢,客服也會(huì)為您講解更多精彩的知識(shí)和內(nèi)容。


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